Sod, also known as turf, is the upper layer of soil with the grass growing on it that is often harvested into rolls. In Australian English, Australian and British English, sod is more commonly known as ''turf'', and the word "sod" is limited mainly to agricultural senses.

Uses

Sod is generally used for lawns, golf courses, and Stadium, sports stadiums around the world. In residential construction, it is sold to landscaping, landscapers, home builders or home owners who use it to establish a lawn quickly and avoid soil erosion. Sod can be used to repair a small area of lawn, Golf course turf, golf course, or athletic field that has died and is used as a quicker alternative to re-growing a lawn from seed. Sod is also effective in increasing cooling, improving air and water quality, and assisting in flood prevention by draining water. Scandinavia has a long history of employing sod roofing and a traditional house type is the Icelandic turf house. Following the passage of the Homestead Acts#Homestead Act of 1862, Homestead Act by Congress in 1862, settlers in the Great Plains used sod bricks to build entire sod houses. This was effective because the prairie sod of the Great Plains was so dense and difficult to cut it earned the nickname "Nebraska marble". Blacksmith John Deere (inventor), John Deere made his fortune when he became the first to make a Plough, plow that could reliably cut the prairie sod. Different types of grass are used for sod installation.

Cultivation

Sod is grown on specialist farms. For 2009, the United States Department of Agriculture reported 1,412 farms had of sod in production. It is usually grown locally (within 100 miles of the target market) to minimize both the cost of transport and also the risk of damage to the product. The farms that produce this grass may have many varieties of grass grown in one location to best suit the consumer's use and preference of appearance. It is usually harvested 10 to 18 months after planting, depending on the growing climate. On the farm, it undergoes fertilization, frequent mowing, watering, and subsequent vacuuming to remove the clippings. It is harvested using specialized equipment, precision cut to standardized sizes. Sod is typically harvested in small square or rectangular slabs, or large rolls. The Mississippi State University has developed a Hydroponics, hydroponic method of cultivating sod. For the very few sod farms that export turf internationally, this soilless sod may travel both lighter and better than traditional sod. Additionally, since the sod is not grown in soil, it does not need to be washed clean of soil down to the bare roots (or sprigs), so time to export is shortened.

Immediacy

In many applications, such as erosion control and athletic fields, immediacy is a key factor. Seed may be blown about by the wind, eaten by birds, or fail because of drought. It takes some weeks to form a visually appealing lawn and further time before it is robust enough for use. Sod largely avoids these problems, and with proper care, newly laid sod is usually fully functional within 30 days of installation and its root system is comparable to that of a seeding lawn two to three years older. Sod also reduces erosion by stabilizing the soil. Many prized cultivars (such as Bella Bluegrass) only reproduce Vegetative reproduction, vegetatively, not Sexual reproduction, sexually (via seed). Sod cultivation is the only means of producing additional plants. To grow these varieties for sale, turf farms use a technique called sprigging, where recently harvested sod mats are cut into slender rows and replanted in the field.

Cultivars used

Fescue grass

Tall fescue

Tall Festuca, fescue (''Festuca'' spp.) is a cool-weather group of grasses originating in Europe, commonly used as sod. It is moderately tolerant to both drought and cold, and as such is especially popular in inland temperate environments referred to in the turf and landscaping industries as the "Hardiness zone, transition zone", where summers are too hot for most cool-weather grasses, yet winters are too cold for most warm-weather grasses. Fescue is well-adapted to clay soils, moderately shade-tolerant, and somewhat resistant to disease, yet vulnerable to the diseases brown patch and Fusarium patch. It grows most actively (and thus provides the most desirable appearance) in spring and fall, and requires frequent watering during summer. Due to its bunch-type growth habit (unique among common sod grasses), it will not spread undesirably or invade adjacent areas once sodded, yet neither will it fill in voids, and periodic maintenance (such as overseeding with Fescue seed) may be required to sustain a homogeneous surface. It has poor wear tolerance compared to Bermuda grass, making it less popular for applications such as athletic fields.

Fine fescues

Fine fescues (''Festuca rubra, F. rubra'', ''Festuca ovina, F. ovina'', ''Festuca trachyphylla, F. trichophylla'') are less popular as sod than the tall fescues. As their names suggest, they exhibit much thinner leaf blades, and tolerate lower mowing heights than the tall fescues. They may be somewhat more resistant to common diseases. Otherwise, their characteristics are similar. Fine fescues are generally used in mixtures with other grasses.

Bermuda grass

Cynodon dactylon, Bermuda grass is quite commonly used for golf courses and sports fields across the Southern United States, southern portions of the United States. It tolerates a range of climates in the U.S., from hot and humid lagoons, inlets, and bays of the Gulf Coast of the United States, Gulf Coast, to the arid expanses of terrain like plains and Deserts of North America, deserts in the Southwestern United States, Southwest and parts of the Midwestern_United_States#Physical_geography, Lower Midwest. Established bermuda grass is a network of shoots, rhizomes, stolons, and Crown (botany), crown tissue together that usually form a dense plant canopy. This dense plant canopy can be used to propagate clonal varieties by sod, sprigs, or plugs. The aggressive and resilient nature of Bermuda grass makes it not only an excellent turfgrass but also a challenging and invasive weed in land cultivated for other purposes. Its one noted weakness is its relatively low tolerance of shade. Given the economic importance of Bermuda grass (as a sod product, agricultural forage, and, at times, as an invasive weed), it has been the subject of numerous studies. Celebration Bermuda grass: :Celebration Bermuda grass is a dark–green, fine–textured, aggressive, traffic–tolerant cultivar with high recuperative potential and drought tolerance." The cultivar is a breed of ''Cynodon dactylon'' from Australia developed by turfgrass breeder Rod Riley. The grass has a distinctive deep blue–green color which makes it popular on golf courses and for private home lawns throughout the southern United States. As a leading cultivar, the research on the grass is extensive. The grass was rated for the best shade tolerance by the United States Golf Association. A researcher at the University of Florida noted this Cultivar, cultivar's, "good wear tolerance, quality, and color ratings" in the Central Florida environment. The grass was the overall best–performing turfgrass in a 2–year drought resistance study commissioned by the San Antonio Water System and performed by Texas A&M University, Texas A & M extension service. The cultivar was also the top–rated Bermuda grass for drought resistance in a test conducted in South Carolina. Along with many golf courses across the southern United States, the Tampa Bay Buccaneers elected to install Celebration Bermudagrass in their stadium. Discovery Bermuda grass: :Discovery is a Bermuda grass that has an exceptional dark blue-green color. It also has extremely slow vertical growth which means that it only needs to be mowed once a month. Discovery has the drought resistance of a Bermuda grass but does not need to be maintained as much as other varieties. It was developed in Europe. It was made available in the United States in 2011 by Sod Solutions which owns the right to market it in the United States. It grows well in all of the southern United States.

Bluegrass

Bella Bluegrass: :Bella Bluegrass was developed by the University of Nebraska as a drought–resistant grass that would help states conserve water. It was immediately embraced by schools and homeowners in Utah who are trying to conserve water. Bella is the world's first dwarf, vegetative bluegrass. It is sold only as sod, not as seed. Bella is a quick grower laterally but has very minimal vertical growth. Because it only grows to about 4 inches in height, it requires less mowing. It grows in sand, clay, Muck (soil), muck, and Peat soil, peat soils, and it is currently being adopted across the northern United States.

St. Augustine grass

St. Augustine grass (''Stenotaphrum secundatum'') (also known as Charleston grass in South Carolina and Buffalo Turf in Australia) is warm-season, perennial grass that is a widely used. A native grass of tropical origin that extends from marshes (Saltwater marsh, salt and Freshwater marsh, freshwater), Lagoon, lagoon fringes, and Beach ridge, sandy beach ridges. St. Augustine lawns are a popular coarse, wide–bladed coarse lawn planted throughout many areas of the Southeastern United States This grass is found in Mexico, Australia, and in tropical parts of Africa. It is a warm-season grass that does not handle cold weather very well. The majority of this grass is planted in vegetative forms (such as plugs and sod), as seeds are not usually available due to production difficulties. Captiva St. Augustine: :Developed by the University of Florida in 2007, Captiva is a Blissus leucopterus, chinch bug resistant St. Augustine cultivar. It has a lush, dark-green color with a dense canopy and a massive root system. Because it has a slow leaf-blade growth and lateral spread, the requirement for mowing is reduced. Captiva has a good–excellent shade tolerance and has excellent pest resistance which means there is less need to use pesticides.

Centipedegrass

Covington: :Eremochloa ophiuroides, Centipedegrass was introduced into the United States from southeastern Asia in 1916. It does well in the climate and soils of Central Florida, central and northern Florida and is the most common home lawn grass in the Florida Panhandle.J. B. Unruh, L. E. Trenholm, and J. L. Cisa
Centipedegrass for Florida Lawns
/ref> Covington is a proprietary cultivar of centipede grass from Sod Solutions that grows in the southeast United States, from the West Texas, west half of Texas to all of Louisiana, most of Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia (U.S. state), Georgia, South Carolina, North Carolina, and Virginia. It is the only uniformly green centipede grass on the market. It is a low-maintenance grass, which retains its color in the fall and greens quickly in the spring. This variety is currently being evaluated by the University of Florida. Santee: :Santee grass is another new proprietary selection from Sod Solutions, which is also being evaluated by the University of Florida for adaptation to Florida use.:

Natural turf communities

Low growing vegetation is referred to as "turf communities" in areas where such growth is not common, as in moss-turf communities of sub Antarctica, some Fauna#Epifauna, epifauna in the sea, coral reefs and, in New Zealand, as species-rich communities of plants under tall, on coastal headlands, dune hollows, rivers and lakes, where most of the natural cover was forest. A form of turf community is a herbfield.

References

External links

How to lay turf
{Authority control Lawn care Landscape architecture Soil-based building materials